Super-Chromosomes: Novelties of Leukocyte Nucleus Redefine Chromosomes

Contrary to the prevailing concept, human and mammalian chromosomes have a defined order. Both at metaphase and interphase the two homologous chromosomes tend to lie opposite each other causing a separation of the two genomes, i.e. the two parental sets of chromosomes. Each of the two chromosome sets forms a continuous chain. They join in a ring or chain to form a super-chromosome and maintain one continuous linear order of the genes during interphase and facilitate gene expression and control of alleles. The laterality of the nucleus, generated by the separation of the two sets of chromosomes, supports cellular polarity needed for immune, neuronal and secretory functions .