Population Dynamics of Sambar Cervus unicolor, in Periyar Tiger Reserve

Sambar in Periyar enjoys a wide distribution in the Reserve. It is the major prey species of Tiger and Wild Dogs here. Sambar was seen singly and in groups of up to about 60 individuals. They eat a variety of grasses, herbs, shrubs and leaves and fruits of various trees. The Sambar in Periyar prefers grasslands, but usually avoids evergreen forests. They spend considerable time foraging in moist deciduous forests and 'savannah' type vegetation. Density of population of the species in the reserve (excluding evergreen tract) is estimated to be 2.1/km They spent a lot of time for feeding, mostly in the mornings and evenings. Active feeding as well as 'fluid grouping' are mostly seen in open areas. This may be an anti.predator device. Male-female ratio among adult individuals was 1 : 3.86. Males are seen with females/herbs mostly during the reproductive season - December-January. Mating was observed only once occasion. In cases, which are clearly know, young ones are born in June/July months. Males with velvet are mostly found in December-February months, though it is also found throughout the year. Sambar in Periyar is threatened by several factors' disease, poaching, tourism and grazing by domestic livestock.